您的基因可以增加HS的风险吗?
About 40% of people with hidradenitis suppurativa have at least one family member with the disease. Researchers share the possible reasons why.
As a dermatologist,Anna Chacon, M.D., knows a lot about hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)—she treats patients for this chronic, autoinflammatory skin disease, after all. But the Miami-based physician has personal experience with it, too, because it runs in her family.
35岁的查孔博士有一个HS的兄弟。作为一名医疗专业人员,她完全意识到一级家庭的联系也如何增加自己获得它的风险。当她今年早些时候被诊断出患有这种疾病时,这种风险变得太实际了。
研究人员估计,患有HS的患者中有30%至40%至少有一名患有皮肤疾病的家庭成员。一项2020年的研究发现,有57%的患者报告了一级或二级亲戚的HS,其中49%的患者患有受影响的一级亲戚。专家说,因此似乎存在明确的遗传HS倾向。
考虑到这一点,我们要求几位领先的皮肤科医生进一步打破为什么在这种疾病方面,它确实可以全部属于家庭。
Easing the Stigma of HS
HS symptoms tend to show up within folds of the skin in places like your underarms, beneath your breasts, and around the groin and buttocks near your genitals, explains Roopal Bhatt, M.D., affiliate faculty/clinical assistant professor with a specialization in dermatology in the department of internal medicine at Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin. All of which can lead to feelings of embarrassment and for some folks with this condition, a sense of shame, she adds.
但是,让HS症状隐藏在您的家人上是在情感上孤立的,并可能破坏。选择共享此信息可能会推进您自己的诊断(如果您发现了也有HS的亲戚),同时帮助家庭成员在自己的身体上发现这种疾病的迹象。,TX。
“通常,当患者进来时,他们可能独自患有HS多年。当被问及家庭成员是否也患有这种情况时,他们不知道。”里德博士说。“尽管家庭成员有HS并讨论它,但家庭中的其他人可能能够识别出他们是否也患有HS并更早寻求治疗。”
但是如何克服污名?Bhatt博士坚持认为,通过教育HS经常在家庭中奔跑的人们。“我们现在对疾病的理解是,HS背后有一个非常强大的遗传成分。(我们希望这意味着)并没有太多的尴尬谈论。”她补充说。
Working through (and past) feelings of shame and embarrassment has helped Dr. Chacon’s family, the dermatologist admits, by bringing an “awareness (that) has educated us in this process and has increased our knowledge.” She encourages people not to have negative feelings about HS: “It is a very common condition, and you能够变得更好,”她说。
遗传学如何将HS归为HS?
“We are attaining more and more data to support a genetic contribution to the development of HS,” says Anthony P. Fernandez, M.D., Ph.D., a dermatologist at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio.
Case in point: It’s estimated that a small amount—about 2% to 3% of HS cases—are related to 34 mutations in certain genes, including nicastrin (NCSTN), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin enhancer 2 (PSENEN), and POGLUT1. Proteins from these genes are components in something called thegamma-secretase complex这与毛囊发育和炎症有关,这是北卡罗来纳大学教堂山医学院皮肤科医生兼皮肤病学副教授Christopher Sayed解释说的。(Sayed博士合着了先前引用的2020年文章,该文章发现一级和二级亲戚的流行率很高。)
一小部分案件被认为反映了所谓的常染色体主导遗传,这意味着父母传给孩子的遗传特征。
赛义德博士说:“这些患者往往会出现一些非典型疾病,而(腋窝)超出了广泛的参与,并且经常会出现许多皮肤囊肿。”“它们可能将疾病传递到我们认为是典型遗传模式的后代的约50%。”
但是,这种遗传遗传并不能说明大多数具有家庭联系的HS患者。这就是为什么研究人员还研究了相同的双胞胎(没有人是兄弟的)。一篇文章,发表在英国皮肤科杂志在2021年,分享了在丹麦学习的100,044个注册双胞胎的结果。其中,有170个相同的双胞胎被诊断出患有HS。这似乎表明HS中的家庭联系可能是由称为的东西引起的gene-gene interactionsFernandez博士说,当一个基因影响也受另一个基因或几个基因影响的疾病时,在像HS这样的复杂条件下可能很常见。
“Multiple genes may contribute,” he explains. “It’s usually not a mutation in a single gene, where you get a mutation and (it's) quite enough to cause hidradenitis suppurativa. In most circumstances, it’s likely the contribution of different genes and mutations, or genetic variants that just naturally occur in the population that, all together, interact with each other to cause HS.”
这个领域的好消息?Sayed博士说,目前,一些关键研究正在研究与HS的遗传联系,因此我们希望在不久的将来了解更多。
“这些研究完全招募了数千名患者,我们可能会对未来五年的遗传贡献有更好的了解。一个基因不可能解释所有风险。与类风湿关节炎这样的事情类似,遗传学通常与许多不同的基因造成不同的风险变得复杂。”他解释说。
Does Nature or Nurture Trigger HS Symptoms?
Fernandez博士说,在这一点上,还有一个遗传基础,还有其他风险因素需要考虑。例如,激素因素可能正在起作用。以及吸烟和肥胖是HS的已知驱动因素。虽然两者都不一定会触发疾病,但每种疾病都可以在基因表达自己的表达方式中发挥作用,或者创造疾病可以蓬勃发展的炎症环境。
Fernandez博士说,因此,当涉及古老的自然风情辩论时,这里的答案可能两者兼而有之。“在某些遗传背景中,可能是吸烟(例如)引起促炎状态,或者对基因 - 基因相互作用产生影响,足以成为发展HS的触发因素。”
Dr. Chacon seconds the nature-plus-nurture theory. She and her brother both have fairly sedentary jobs. “I notice (my) HS gets worse when I’m sitting and not moving for prolonged periods of time,” she shares, suggesting that along with her genetic predisposition to HS, her lifestyle may also play a role.
与您的家人谈谈HS以降低风险
如果您被诊断出患有HS,这使我们回到与家人交谈的重要性,即使您有症状使您怀疑自己可以have it. Knowing about your genetic risk gives you and your loved ones the opportunity to prevent inflammation before it starts, says Dr. Fernandez.
“如果一个家庭成员说,'嘿,我有HS,'对其他一级亲戚,也许可以激发其中一些人以优化他们健康的生活方式。我的意思是,显然,我们谁都无法真正改变我们拥有的真正遗传构成。但是我们可以改变环境暴露的影响遗传贡献。”他说。
You can reduce your risk of HS by:
吃balanced, healthy dietfull of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins
每周至少锻炼三次
尽力维持健康的体重体重指数(BMI)30岁以下(但知道BMI较低的人也可以拥有HS,Reed博士指出)
获得优质的睡眠(这意味着大多数人每天晚上七到八个小时)
Doing everything in your power to戒烟和/或烟(如果您还没有吸烟,请不要开始)Bhatt博士说
费尔南德斯博士说:“我们越来越认识到健康不仅减少了不良习惯,而且还养成了良好的习惯,而且确实会影响炎症性疾病的严重性甚至发展,”“对于许多慢性炎症性疾病,想法是,是的,您具有基因组成,但是您确实需要其他一些触发才能激发导致疾病发作的免疫失调。问题是,一旦您有发病,一旦火花点燃火,我们就无法完全扑灭那只火。我们可以控制它,但是我们无法治愈这些疾病。因此,也许健康是防止这种火花发生的一种方式。”他补充说。
Dr. Bhatt agrees. She even suggests that HS be included in family medical histories. She says one of the most common questions people with HS have is, “Will I pass this on to my child?” (Answer: It is possible in cases involving autosomal dominant inheritance, but it’s a small percentage.) Being upfront about having it with your family will help, she believes.
“When people talk about family medical history, it’s usually that there is a family history of stroke, heart attacks, coronary artery disease, cancer, diabetes—things that limit life span. But with this condition now that everyone is living longer, we also want quality of life,” Dr. Bhatt says. “I think an open conversation with family members would be fantastic. Because (then) that person can make those lifestyle changes” and seek helpful treatment as early as possible, she adds.
对于查孔博士来说,知道她的HS风险并与亲人直率地对这种疾病直率,帮助她比病情领先一步,并在此过程中告知了她的家人。
她说:“我相信任何可能在康复和康复之路的帮助都是有帮助的。”“有时,这包括与家人分享个人经历,因为您可能不知道家庭成员是否正在经历同样的事情或以某种方式变得更好。”
关于HS:Medlineplus。(2021年。)“化合物Hidradenitis。”。https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/#causes
首先,二级亲戚:英国皮肤科杂志。(2020.) “Assessment of familial risk in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.”https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bjd.19664
大约四个相关基因:人分子遗传学。(2019年。)“四个基因中的Hidradenitis spurativa连接突变的分析以及PSEN1-P242LFSX11对巨噬细胞中细胞因子和趋化因子表达的影响。”https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6423421/
Danish Twin Study:英国皮肤科杂志。(2021年。)“化脓性Hidradenitis中基因 - 基因相互作用的证据:丹麦双胞胎的全国注册研究。”https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjd.20654
Gene-Gene Interaction:行为医学百科全书。(2013.) “Gene-Gene Interaction.”https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1005-9_690#howtocite